Memory device and method for fabricating the same

ABSTRACT

A memory device includes a substrate, an active layer that is spaced apart from the substrate and laterally oriented, a word line that is laterally oriented in parallel to the active layer along one side of the active layer, an active body that is vertically oriented by penetrating through the active layer, a bit line that is vertically oriented by penetrating through the active layer to be spaced apart from one side of the active body, and a capacitor that is vertically oriented by penetrating through the active layer to be spaced apart from another side of the active body.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No.10-2019-0178427, filed on Dec. 30, 2019, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

Various embodiments of the present invention relate to a semiconductordevice, and more particularly, to a semiconductor device and a methodfor fabricating the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

Recently, the size of the memory cell continues to be reduced in orderto increase the net die of a memory device.

As the size of memory cells becomes miniaturized, parasitic capacitanceCb decreases and capacitance increases. However, it is difficult toincrease the net die due to the structural limitations of memory cells.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to highly integratedmemory cells, a memory device including the integrated memory cells, anda method for fabricating the memory device.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a memorydevice includes a substrate; an active layer that is spaced apart fromthe substrate and laterally oriented, a word line that is laterallyoriented in parallel to the active layer along one side of the activelayer, an active body that is vertically oriented by penetrating throughthe active layer, a bit line that is vertically oriented by penetratingthrough the active layer to be spaced apart from one side of the activebody, and a capacitor that is vertically oriented by penetrating throughthe active layer to be spaced apart from another side of the activebody.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a memorydevice includes memory cells arranged vertically, wherein each of thememory cells includes an active layer including a first source/drainregion, a second source/drain region, and a channel body laterallyoriented between the first source/drain region and the secondsource/drain region, a word line laterally oriented in parallel to oneside of the active layer, an active body penetrating through the channelbody, a bit line vertically oriented by penetrating through the activelayer to be coupled to the first source/drain region, and a capacitorvertically oriented by penetrating through the active layer to becoupled to the second source/drain region.

In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, amethod for fabricating a memory device includes forming a plurality ofactive layers arranged vertically with respect to a substrate, forming avertically oriented active body that penetrates through the activelayers to interconnect the active layers to each other, forming avertically oriented bit line that is spaced apart from one side of theactive body and penetrates through the active layers, forming avertically oriented capacitor that is spaced apart from another side ofthe active body and penetrates through the active layers, and forming aplurality of word lines that are laterally oriented adjacent to one sideof each of the active layers.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent to those with ordinary skill in the art of the inventionfrom the following detailed description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view schematically illustrating a structure ofa memory device in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 1B is a plan view of the memory device taken along a line A-A′ ofFIG. 1A.

FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of the memory device taken along aline B-B′ of FIG. 1B.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views illustrating a memory devicein accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A to 26B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method forfabricating a memory device in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate a stepped word line structure.

FIGS. 28 to 30 illustrate a method for fabricating a memory device inaccordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 31 to 33 illustrate memory devices in accordance with otherembodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of the present invention will be described below inmore detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The presentinvention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not beconstrued as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete, and will fully convey the scope of the present invention tothose skilled in the art. Throughout the disclosure, like referencenumerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures andembodiments of the present invention.

The drawings are not necessarily to scale and, in some instances,proportions may have been exaggerated in order to clearly illustratefeatures of the embodiments. When a first layer is referred to as being“on” a second layer or “on” a substrate, it not only refers to a casewhere the first layer is formed directly on the second layer or thesubstrate but also a case where a third layer exists between the firstlayer and the second layer or the substrate.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a memorydevice may include at least one laterally extending active layer (mayalso be referred to as a lateral active layer), at least one single wordline WL, a vertical bit line BL passing through the at least one activelayer, and a vertical capacitor also passing through the at least oneactive layer. The at least one single word line WL may be at the samelevel from a substrate as the at least one lateral active layer.

FIG. 1A is a perspective view schematically illustrating a structure ofa memory device 100M in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 1B is a plan view of the memory device 100M taken alonga line A-A′ of FIG. 1A, and FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of thememory device 100M taken along a line B-B′ of FIG. 1B.

Referring to FIGS. 1A to 1C, the memory device 100M may include asubstrate SS, an active layer ACT laterally oriented and spaced apartfrom the substrate SS, a word line WL laterally oriented, parallel tothe active layer ACT along one side of the active layer ACT, an activebody ACB vertically oriented and passing through the active layer ACT, abit line BL vertically oriented and passing through the active layer ACTto be spaced apart from one side of the active body ACB, and a capacitorCAP vertically oriented and passing through the active layer ACT to bespaced apart from the other side of the active body ACB.

The substrate SS may provide a plane extending in a first direction D1and a third direction D3. A memory cell array MCA may be positionedvertically over the substrate SS in a second direction D2. The seconddirection D2 may be perpendicular to the first direction D1 and thethird direction D3. The second direction D2 may simply be referred to asa vertical direction or orientation. The memory cell array MCA mayinclude a plurality of memory cells MC arranged vertically in the seconddirection D2. The memory cell array MCA may be positioned over thesubstrate SS. The memory cells MC may be positioned over the substrateSS. For example, the memory cell array MCA may be or include a DynamicRandom-Access Memory (DRAM) memory cell array.

Each of the memory cells MC may include an active layer ACT, a word lineWL, a bit line BL, and a capacitor CAP. A plurality of active layers ACTmay be vertically arranged in the second direction D2. The active layersACT may overlap vertically in the second direction D2. Each of theactive layers ACT may have a shape of a plate whose cross section has aplurality of fingers. In other words, each of the active layers ACT mayhave a first elongated part extending laterally in the first directionD1 and a plurality of fingers extending from the elongated part in thethird direction D3. The fingers may be spaced apart from each other at aregular interval. The fingers may be of the same shape and size,however, the invention is not limited to this. A first finger of eachactive layer ACT may be a portion of the active layer ACT through whichthe active body ACB penetrates. A second finger of each active layer ACTmay be a portion of the active layer ACT through which the bit line BLpenetrates, and a third finger of each active layer ACT may be a portionof the active layer ACT through which the capacitor CAP penetrates. Theactive body ACB, the bit line BL, and the capacitor CAP may passcentrally through the respective first, second, and third fingersleaving equal portions of each finger on either of their respectivesides in the first direction D1 and the third direction D3.

Each of the active layers ACT may include a first source/drain regionFSD, a second source/drain region SSD, and a channel body CHB arrangedin the first direction D1 between the first source/drain region FSD andthe second source/drain region SSD. The first source/drain region FSD,the second source/drain region SSD, and the channel body CHB may bepositioned at the same level.

A laterally oriented word line WL may be positioned in parallel to oneside of each of the active layers ACT. The active body ACB may penetratethrough the plurality of active layers ACT which are arranged in thesecond direction D2. The active body ACB may be vertically oriented inthe second direction D2. The active body ACB may be referred to as an‘active pillar’. The active body ACB may have a rectangularcross-section when viewed from the top. The active body ACB may passthrough the channel body CHB of each active layer as it extends in thesecond direction D2. The channel body CHB of each active layer ACT maysurround the active body ACB passing through it. Hence, each channelbody CHB may be positioned at the same level as the corresponding activelayer ACT. A plurality of channel bodies CHB may overlap vertically inthe second direction D2. The word lines WL may vertically overlap in thesecond direction D2. Ends of the word lines WL may form a steppedstructure. For example, as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1A, the wordlines may form a stepped structure with their length in the thirddirection decreasing stepwise from a bottom word line next to thesubstrate SS toward a top word line along the second direction.

The bit line BL may be vertically oriented in the second direction D2and may penetrate through each active layer ACT. The bit line BL may becoupled to the first source/drain regions FSD. The bit line BL may alsohave a rectangular cross-section when viewed from the top. The capacitorCAP may include a storage node SN, a dielectric layer DE, and a platenode PN. The storage nodes SN may be formed in each of the active layersACT to be coupled to the respective second source/drain regions SSD. Thedielectric layer DE and the plate node PN may extend in the seconddirection D2 and penetrate through the active layers ACT.

The memory device 100M may further include a plurality of bit linecontact nodes BLC (shown in FIG. 1C) formed in each of the active layersACT. Each contact node BLC is coupled to the first source/drain regionFSD of a respective active layer ACT and the bit line BL. The memorydevice 100M may further include a contact liner layer CL that isvertically oriented (i.e., extending in the second direction D2) topenetrate through the bit line contact nodes BLC in the second directionD2 while surrounding the sidewall of the bit line BL. The bit linecontact node BLC may also surround the bottom of the bit line BL. Thebit line contact node BLC may not surround the top of the bit line BL.

The bit line BL, the active body ACB, and the capacitor CAP may extendvertically upwardly from the substrate SS. Each of the plurality ofactive layers ACT may be positioned at the same level with one word lineWL. The active layers ACT may be parallel to the plane of the substrateSS.

As shown in FIG. 1B, a gate dielectric layer GD may be formed betweenone side of the channel body CHB and the word line WL. Each of the wordlines WL which has a generally elongated shape extending in the firstdirection D1 may also include a protrusion WLP extending laterally inthe third direction D3 to directly contact the gate dielectric layer GD.The portion of each word line WL extending in the first direction D1 maybe referred to herein as a line portion WLL of the word line WL. Theline portion WLL of each word line WL may be spaced apart from the firstand second source/drain regions FSD and SSD of a corresponding activelayer ACT.

The plate node PN and the dielectric layer DE may each be orientedperpendicular to the substrate SS in the second direction D2, and thedielectric layer DE may surround the sidewall of the plate node PN. Thedielectric layer DE may also surround the bottom of the plate node PN. Aplurality of storage nodes SN may be arranged vertically to thesubstrate SS in the second direction D2. The storage nodes SN may beformed in respective active layers ACT and shaped to surround thedielectric layer DE and the plate node PN. The storage nodes SN and theword lines WL may be positioned at the same level in the seconddirection D3. The storage nodes SN may contact the capacitor contactnodes SNC. The capacitor contact nodes SNC may contact the secondsource/drain areas SSD. The capacitor contact nodes SNC may surround thestorage nodes SN. The storage nodes SN and the capacitor contact nodesSNC may be positioned at the same level. The storage nodes SN may have arectangular ring shape from a plane view (see FIG. 1B).

FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views illustrating a memory device100 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the memory device 100 may include aperipheral circuit 110, a lower structure 120 and a memory cell array130M that are sequentially formed over the peripheral circuit 110.

The peripheral circuit 110 may include a plurality of control circuits.At least one control circuit of the peripheral circuit 110 may includean N-channel transistor, a P-channel transistor, a CMOS circuit, or acombination thereof. At least one control circuit of the peripheralcircuit 110 may include an address decoder circuit, a read circuit, awrite circuit, and the like. At least one control circuit of theperipheral circuit 110 may include a planar channel transistor, a recesschannel transistor, a buried gate transistor, a fin channel transistor(FinFET) and the like.

The memory cell array 130M may include a DRAM memory cell array, and theperipheral circuit 110 may include a sense amplifier SA. The senseamplifier SA may be coupled to a multi-level metal wire MLM.

The lower structure 120 may include an etch stop layer 121 and a lowerinter-layer dielectric layer ILD 122. The etch stop layer 121 mayinclude a material having an etch selectivity in a series of etchingprocesses for forming the subsequent memory cell array 130M. Forexample, the etch stop layer 121 may include a polysilicon layer. Theetch stop layer 121 may be formed by depositing a polysilicon layer andetching the polysilicon layer. The etch stop layer 121 may be formed tohave a shape of a plurality of etch stop layer islands over the lowerstructure 120 which are spaced apart from each other. A protective layer123 may be formed on the surface of the etch stop layer 121.

The lower structure 120 may provide a plane extending in the firstdirection D1 and the third direction D3, and the memory cell array 130Mmay be positioned vertically in the second direction D2 over the lowerstructure 120. The second direction D2 may be perpendicular to the firstdirection D1 and the third direction D3.

The memory cell array 130M may include a plurality of memory cells MCthat are arranged vertically in the second direction D2. Firstdielectric materials 131 may be formed to be vertically arranged in thesecond direction D2 between the memory cells MC. The first dielectricmaterials 131 and the memory cells MC may be alternately formedvertically in the second direction D2. Second dielectric materials 132surrounding the memory cells MC may be formed between the firstdielectric materials 131 that are positioned vertically. In anembodiment, the first dielectric materials 131 may, for example, includesilicon oxide, and the second dielectric materials 132 may, for example,include silicon nitride.

Each of the memory cells MC may include an active layer 151, a word line173, a bit line 184, and a capacitor 195. The active layers 151 may bevertically arranged in the second direction D2. Each of the activelayers 151 may include a first source/drain region 163, a secondsource/drain region 164, and a channel body 157 oriented laterally inthe direction D1 between the first source/drain region 163 and thesecond source/drain region 164. The first source/drain area 163, thesecond source/drain area 164, and the channel body 157 may be positionedat the same level. A word line 173 may be positioned to be laterallyoriented in parallel to one side of each of the active layers 151. Theactive body 156 may be formed to penetrate through the active layers151. The active body 156 may penetrate through the channel body 157 inthe second direction D2. The bit line 184 may be vertically oriented inthe second direction D2 and may penetrate through the active layers 151to be coupled to the first source/drain region 163. The capacitor 195may include a storage node 192, a dielectric layer 193, and a plate node194. The storage node 192 may be formed in the active layers 151 to becoupled to the second source/drain region 164. The dielectric layer 193and plate node 194 may penetrate through the active layers 151.

The memory device 100M may further include a bit line contact node 183that is formed in the active layer 151 and coupled to the firstsource/drain region 163 and the bit line 184. The memory device 100 mayfurther include a contact liner layer 182 that is vertically oriented topenetrate through the bit line contact node 183 in the second directionD2 while surrounding the sidewall of the bit line 184.

The sides of the active layer 151 may be covered by the protective layer134. A portion of the protective layer 134 may be cut, and one side ofthe active layer 151 may be partially exposed by the cut protectivelayer 134. Herein, the exposed side may be the portions of the firstsource/drain region 163, the second source/drain region 164, and thechannel body 157.

A gate dielectric layer 172 may be formed between one side of thechannel body 157 and the word line 173. An isolation dielectric layer165 may be formed between the first and second source/drain regions 163and 164 and the word line 173. The word line 173 may contact a slitdielectric layer 174. As will be described later, a plurality of wordlines 173 may be isolated from each other by the slit dielectric layer174.

The plate node 194 and the dielectric layer 193 may be verticallyoriented in the second direction D2 with respect to the lower structure120, and the dielectric layer 193 may surround the sidewall of the platenode 194. A plurality of storage nodes 192 may be arranged verticallywith respect to the lower structure 120 in the second direction D2. Thestorage nodes 192 may be formed in the active layer 151. The storagenodes 192 may be shaped to surround the dielectric layer 193 and theplate node 194. The storage nodes 192 and the word lines 173 may bepositioned at the same level in the third direction D3. The storagenodes 192 may be in contact with the capacitor contact nodes 192C. Thecapacitor contact nodes 192C may contact the second source/drain region164. The capacitor contact nodes 192C may surround the storage nodes192. The storage nodes 192 and the capacitor contact nodes 192C may bepositioned at the same level. The storage nodes 192 may have a lateralannular shape.

The bit line contact node 183 may be coupled to the first source/drainarea 163, and the storage node 192 may be coupled to the secondsource/drain area 164. The bit line contact nodes 183, the storage nodes192, and the channel body 157 may be laterally arranged in the firstdirection D1.

Each of the active layers 151 may be laterally oriented in the firstdirection D1. The word lines 173 may be laterally oriented in the firstdirection D1. The active layers 151 may be stacked vertically in thesecond direction D2. The word lines 173 may be stacked vertically in thesecond direction D2. The active layers 151 and the word lines 173 may beparallel to each other. The active layers 151 and the word lines 173 maybe positioned at the same lateral levels. Ends of the word lines 173 mayhave a step shape in the second direction D2. In other words, the wordlines 173 stacked in the second direction D2 may have different lengths.The bit line 184 and the capacitor 195 may be vertically oriented in thesecond direction D2. The bit line contact node 183 may extend from thefirst source/drain area 163 in the third direction D3. The storage node192 may extend from the second source/drain area 164 in the thirddirection D3.

FIGS. 3A to 26B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method forfabricating a memory device in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. FIGS. 3A to 26A are plan views, and FIGS. 3B to 26Bare cross-sectional views.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A′ of FIG. 3A.

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a lower structure 120 and an upperstructure 130 may be sequentially formed over a peripheral circuit 110.

The peripheral circuit 110 may be made of a material suitable forsemiconductor processing. The peripheral circuit 110 may include atleast one among a conductive material, a dielectric material, and asemiconductive material. Various materials may be formed in theperipheral circuit 110. The peripheral circuit 110 may include asemiconductor substrate, and the semiconductor substrate may be formedof a material containing silicon. For example, the peripheral circuit110 may include silicon, monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon, amorphoussilicon, silicon germanium, monocrystalline silicon germanium,polycrystalline silicon germanium, carbon-doped silicon, a combinationthereof, or a multi-layer thereof. The peripheral circuit 110 mayinclude other semiconductor materials, such as germanium. The peripheralcircuit 110 may include a group III/V semiconductor substrate, such as acompound semiconductor substrate, e.g., GaAs. The peripheral circuit 110may include a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) substrate.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the peripheralcircuit 110 may include a semiconductor substrate and a plurality ofintegrated circuits formed over the semiconductor substrate. Forexample, the peripheral circuit 110 may include a plurality of controlcircuits. A control circuit of the peripheral circuit 110 may include atleast one of an N-channel transistor, a P-channel transistor, a CMOScircuit, an address decoder circuit, a read circuit, a write circuit, aplanar channel transistor, a recess channel transistor, a buried gatetransistor, a fin channel transistor (FinFET) and the like. In anembodiment, at least one control circuit of the peripheral circuit 110may include an N-channel transistor, a P-channel transistor, a CMOScircuit, or a combination thereof, at least one control circuit of theperipheral circuit 110 may include an address decoder circuit, a readcircuit, a write circuit, and the like, and at least one control circuitof the peripheral circuit 110 may include a planar channel transistor, arecess channel transistor, a buried gate transistor, a fin channeltransistor (FinFET) and the like.

Although not shown, the peripheral circuit 110 may include a senseamplifier SA, and the sense amplifier SA may be coupled to a multi-levelmetal wire (MLM).

The lower structure 120 may include an etch stop layer 121 and a lowerinter-layer dielectric layer 122. The etch stop layer 121 may include amaterial having an etch selectivity during a process of etching thesubsequent upper structure 130. For example, the etch stop layer 121 mayinclude a polysilicon layer. The etch stop layer 121 may be formed bydepositing a polysilicon layer and etching the polysilicon layer to forma plurality of etch stop layer islands (i.e., spaced apart regions)formed over the peripheral circuit 110 spaced apart from each other.

After forming the etch stop layer 121 with the plurality of islands overthe peripheral circuit 110, a lower inter-layer dielectric layer 122 maybe formed to fill the intervals between the islands of the etch stoplayer 121. The lower inter-layer dielectric layer 122 may be formed bydepositing a dielectric material over the peripheral circuit 110including the etch stop layer 121 and then performing a planarization.

The lower inter-layer dielectric layer 122 may include for example anoxide.

The upper structure 130 may include a first and second material layers131 and 132. The upper structure 130 may include a plurality of firstmaterial layers 131 and a plurality of second material layers 132. Theupper structure 130 may be an alternating stack in which the firstmaterial layers 131 and the second material layers 132 are alternatelystacked. The first material layers 131 and the second material layers132 may be different materials. The first material layers 131 and thesecond material layers 132 may have different etching selectivities.

In an embodiment, the first material layers 131 may include siliconoxide, and the second material layers 132 may include silicon nitride.The stack of the first material layers 131 and the second materiallayers 132 may be referred to as an ‘Oxide-Nitride (ON) stack’, and theupper structure 130 may include at least one ON stack. The number of ONstacks may be set to correspond to the number of memory cells.

The first material layers 131 may be positioned at the lowermost portionand the uppermost portion of the upper structure 130, individually. Thelowermost first material layers 131 and the uppermost first materiallayers 131 may be thicker than the remaining first material layers 131.The first material layers 131 and the second material layers 132 exceptfor the lowermost first material layers 131 and the uppermost firstmaterial layers 131 may have the same thickness.

Hereinafter, in the plan views, the reference numeral of the lowerstructure 120 between the peripheral circuit 110 and the upper structure130 will be omitted.

FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG. 4A.Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, a portion (i.e., the first region) of theupper structure 130 may be etched using a first mask M1. The process ofetching the first region of the upper structure 130 may be performed tostop at the etch stop layer 121. As a result, a plurality of cellopenings 140 penetrating through the upper structure 130 may be formed.The first region of the upper structure 130 may be dry etched to formthe cell openings 140.

The first mask M1 may be an etch barrier during the process of etchingthe upper structure 130. The first mask M1 may include a photoresistpattern. According to another embodiment of the present invention, thefirst mask M1 may include a hard mask material. The first mask M1 mayinclude amorphous carbon or polysilicon.

In order to prevent the cell openings 140 from not being opened, theprocess of etching the cell openings 140 may include an overetching. Asa result, the bottom of the cell opening 140 may partially extend intothe islands of the etch stop layer 121. In other words, a recessedsurface may be formed on the surface of each of the islands of the etchstop layer 121.

The cell opening 140 is a vertical opening vertically oriented from thelower structure 120 and may extend vertically to upper surface of theetch stop layer 121 and through the upper structure 130. Sidewalls ofthe cell openings 140 may have a vertical profile. The cell opening 140may refer to a region in which a part of a plurality of memory cells areto be formed.

From the perspective of a top view, the cell opening 140 may include aplurality of fingers. The cell opening 140 may be a finger-shapedopening. For example, the cell opening 140 may include a first finger141, a second finger 142, and a third finger 143. Hereinafter, the firstfinger 141 may be referred to as a first cell opening 141, and thesecond finger 142 may be referred to as a second cell opening 142, andthe third finger 143 may be referred to as a third cell opening 143.

The first cell opening 141, the second cell opening 142, and the thirdcell opening 143 may be coupled to each other as shown in FIG. 4A. Thefirst cell opening 141 may provide a space in which an active body is tobe formed, the second cell opening 142 may provide a space in which abit line is to be formed, and the third cell opening 143 may define aspace in which a capacitor is to be formed. The first cell opening 141may be referred to as an ‘active body opening’, and the second cellopening 142 may be referred to as a ‘bit line opening’. The third cellopening 143 may be referred to as a ‘capacitor opening’.

From the perspective of a top view, the first cell opening 141 may bepositioned in the center, the second cell opening 142 may be positionedon one side (or the left side) of the first cell opening 141, and thethird cell opening 143 may be positioned on the other side (or the rightside) of the first cell opening 141. An open area of the third cellopening 143 may be larger than the first cell opening 141 and the secondcell opening 142. Since the third cell opening 143 is formed relativelylarge, the size of the capacitor formed subsequently may be increased.As a result, the capacitance may be sufficiently secured.

As described above, the cross section of the cell opening 140 may have amulti-finger shape. The first cell opening 141, the second cell opening142, and the third cell opening 143 may be arranged side by side in amulti-finger shape. From a top view, the cell opening 140 may have anelongated part extending in the first direction D1 with the threefingers 141, 142, and 143 projecting laterally in the third direction D3from the elongated part.

The second material layers 132 may be replaced with the active layers151 by the following series of processes. Portions of the active layers151 may be replaced with the channel body 157, the bit line contact node183, and the storage nodes 192.

FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG. 5A.Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the protective layer 123 may be formed byoxidizing the recessed surfaces of the etch stop layer 121. Theprotective layer 123 may be formed by exposing the recessed surfaces ofthe etch stop layer 121 to a thermal oxidation process. For example,when the etch stop layer 121 includes polysilicon, the protective layer123 may be formed of silicon oxide. The protective layer 123 may protectthe etch stop layer 121 in a subsequent process. Also, the protectivelayer 123 may electrically insulate the subsequent bit lines and thecapacitors from the etch stop layer 121.

The protective layer 123 may not fill the bottom of the cell opening140, that is, the recessed surface of the etch stop layer 121. Theprotective layer 123 may be formed conformally on the recessed surfaceof the etch stop layer 121.

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG. 6A.Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a portion of the upper structure 130 maybe selectively recessed through the cell opening 140. For example, thesecond material layers 132 of the upper structure 130 may be selectivelylaterally recessed. A plurality of lateral recesses 133 may be formed inthe upper structure 130 by lateral recessing (e.g., etching) the secondmaterial layers 132. The lateral recesses 133 may be formed between thefirst material layers 131 that are stacked vertically. The lateralrecessing of the second material layers 132 may be performed by wetetching or dry etching. For example, when the second material layers 132include silicon nitride, the lateral recesses 133 may be formed bywet-etching silicon nitride.

The lateral recesses 133 may extend laterally from the sides of thefirst to third cell openings 141, 142, and 143 into the upper structure130. As a result, the lateral recesses 133 may extend from the sides ofthe first cell opening 141, the second cell opening 142, and the thirdcell opening 143 individually.

FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG. 7A.Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the sides of the second material layers132 may be selectively oxidized. As a result, the sidewalls of thelateral recesses 133 may be covered with selective oxides 134. Forexample, when the second material layers 132 include silicon nitride,the selective oxides 134 may include silicon oxynitride.

Subsequently, an active material 150 may be deposited. The activematerial 150 may fill the lateral recesses 133. The active material 150may cover the sidewalls of the first to third cell openings 141, 142 and143, but may not fill the first to third cell openings 141, 142 and 143.In other words, the active material 150 may conformally cover thesidewalls of the first to third cell openings 141, 142, and 143 whilefilling the lateral recesses 133. Each of the selective oxides 134 maybe positioned between the active material 150 and the second materiallayers 132. The active material 150 may include a semiconductormaterial. The active material 150 may include polysilicon. The activematerial 150 may include P-type polysilicon or undoped polysilicon. Thethickness of the active material 150 may be adjusted to fill the lateralrecesses 133 without voids.

FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG. 8A.Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, an active isolation process may beperformed. For example, the active material 150 may be selectivelyetched to form active layers 151 in the lateral recesses 133,respectively. The active layers 151 respectively formed in the lateralrecesses 133 may be vertically isolated from each other. The sidewallsof the active layers 151 may be covered with the selective oxides 134,respectively. The selective oxides 134 may be positioned between theactive layers 151 and the second material layers 132, respectively.

From the perspective of a top view, the active layers 151 may have aclosed loop-shape. Accordingly, the first cell opening 141, the secondcell opening 142, and the third cell opening 143 may be formed topenetrate through the active layers 151 stacked vertically. The activelayers 151 may include a plurality of fingers. Each of the fingers maypenetrate through the first to third cell openings 141 to 143 therein.

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG. 9A.Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, a sacrificial liner layer 152 may beformed to protect the active layer 151. The sacrificial liner layer 152may include a dielectric material. For example, the sacrificial linerlayer 152 may be formed of silicon nitride or silicon oxide.

A sacrificial material 153 may be formed over the sacrificial linerlayer 152. The sacrificial material 153 may fill the first to third cellopenings 141, 142, and 143 over the sacrificial liner layer 152. Thesacrificial material 153 may contain a metal-based material. Thesacrificial material 153 may include a metal and a metal nitride. Thesacrificial material 153 may include tungsten. The sacrificial material153 may be planarized to remain only inside the first to third cellopenings 141, 142, and 143.

An upper inter-layer dielectric layer (ILD) 154 may be formed over thesacrificial material 153. The upper inter-layer dielectric layer 154 mayinclude silicon oxide.

As described above, a plurality of active layers 151 may be formed inthe upper structure 130. The active layers 151 and the first materiallayers 131 may be alternately stacked vertically. The sides of theactive layers 151 may be surrounded by the second material layers 132,respectively. The upper structure 130 may be referred to as a moldstructure, and the mold structure may include an alternating stack inwhich the active layers 151 and the first material layers 131 arealternately stacked vertically.

FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.10A. Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, the first cell opening 141 may beexposed again. To this end, the sacrificial liner layer 152 and thesacrificial material 153 filling the first cell opening 141 may beselectively removed. For example, a portion of the upper inter-layerdielectric layer 154 may be etched by using a second mask M2 to expose aportion corresponding to the first cell opening 141, and then thesacrificial liner layer 152 and the sacrificial material 153 filling thefirst cell opening 141 may be etched.

As described above, the exposed first cell opening 141 may be simplyreferred to as ‘an active body opening 155’. A portion of each activelayer 151 may be exposed by the active body opening 155.

The active body opening 155 may be oriented perpendicular to the lowerstructure 120.

FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.11A. Referring to FIGS. 11A and 11B, after removing the second mask M2,the active body opening 155 may be filled with the active body 156. Theactive body 156 may include P-type polysilicon. The active body 156 maybe formed by depositing the P-type polysilicon to fill the active bodyopening 155 and performing planarization. A portion of the sacrificialmaterial 153 and the sacrificial liner layer 152 may be planarizedduring the planarization of the P-type polysilicon.

The active body 156 may interconnect the active layers 151 that arepositioned vertically. A body bias may be applied to the active body156. The active body 156 may have a pillar shape. The active body 156may penetrate through the active layers 151 that are stacked vertically.

FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.12A. Referring to FIGS. 12A and 12B, when the active layer 151 includesundoped polysilicon, a heat treatment process may be subsequentlyperformed to diffuse a P-type impurity from the active body 156.Accordingly, a portion of the active layers 151 in contact with theactive body 156 may be doped with the P-type impurity. A portion of theactive layers 151 doped with the P-type impurity may be the channel body157. The channel bodies 157 may be stacked vertically. At one level, thechannel body 157 and the active layer 151 may be positioned at the samelevel.

From the perspective of a top view, the channel body 157 may have asurrounding shape surrounding the active body 156. The active body 156may be shaped to penetrate through the vertically stacked channel bodies157.

FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line C-C′ of FIG. 13A,and FIG. 13C is a cross-sectional view taken along a line D-D′ of FIG.13A.

Referring to FIGS. 13A to 13C, an isolated opening 161 may be formed ata position spaced apart from the active layer 151. For example, after athird mask (not shown) is formed over the upper structure 130, a secondregion of the upper structure 130 (which is, herein, a portion where thefirst to third cell openings 141, 142 and 143 are not formed) may beetched using the third mask. As a result, a pair of isolated openings161 that are isolated from each other as the upper inter-layerdielectric layer 154, a plurality of first material layers 131, and aplurality of second material layers 132 are etched, may be formed. Whenthe isolated openings 161 are formed laterally spaced apart from theactive layers 151, the second material layers 132 may be selectivelyrecessed from the sidewalls of the isolated openings 161, therebyexposing one sides of the active layers 151. According to anotherembodiment of the present invention, an etching process for forming theisolated openings 161 may be performed such that the sidewalls of theisolated openings 161 expose one sides of the active layers 151. Theisolated openings 161 may be vertically oriented in the stackingdirection of the memory cells.

Subsequently, an impurity doping process 162 may be performed. Animpurity may be doped onto the exposed portion of the active layers 151through the isolated openings 161. As a result, the first and secondsource/drain regions 163 and 164 may be formed. The impurity dopingprocess 162 may include an N-type impurity doping process. The first andsecond source/drain regions 163 and 164 may be N-type source/drainregions.

The first source/drain regions 163 may be portions to be coupled to bitlines subsequently, and the second source/drain regions 164 may beportions to be coupled to capacitors subsequently.

The impurity doping process 162 may be performed by tilt implantation.According to another embodiment of the present invention, the impuritydoping process 162 may be performed by a plasma doping process.

The first source drain region 163 and the second source/drain region 164may be laterally spaced apart from each other with the channel body 157between them. Accordingly, a lateral channel may be defined in thechannel body 157 between the first source drain region 163 and thesecond source/drain region 164.

FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line C-C′ of FIG.14A, and FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view taken along a line D-D′ ofFIG. 14A.

Referring to FIGS. 14A to 14C, an isolated opening 171 may be filledwith the isolation dielectric layer 165. The isolation dielectric layer165 may include silicon oxide. The isolation dielectric layer 165 may beoriented perpendicular to the lower structure 120. The isolationdielectric layer 165 may be referred to as a junction isolation layer.The isolation dielectric layer 165 may confront the first and secondsource/drain regions 163 and 164. The isolation dielectric layer 165 maybe vertically oriented in the stacking direction of the memory cells.

FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line C-C′ of FIG.15A, and FIG. 15C is a cross-sectional view taken along a line D-D′ ofFIG. 15A. FIG. 15D is a cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B′of FIG. 15A. Referring to FIGS. 15A to 15D, a slit 166 may be formed.The slit 166 may be formed around the isolation dielectric layer 165.The isolation dielectric layer 165 may be positioned between the activelayers 151 and the slit 166. The slit 166 may be laterally spaced apartfrom the active layers 151.

The slit 166 may be formed by etching the third region of the upperstructure 130. For example, the slits 166 may be formed in the thirdregion of the upper structure 130 by etching the alternating stack ofthe upper inter-layer dielectric layer 154, the first material layers131, and the second material layers 132. The bottom of the slit 166 mayland on the top surface of the lower structure 120.

FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line C-C′ of FIG.16A, and FIG. 16C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line D-D′ ofFIG. 16A, and FIG. 16D is a cross-sectional view taken along the lineB-B′ of FIG. 16A.

Referring to FIGS. 16A to 16D, the second material layers 132 may beselectively stripped through the slit 166. As a result, the secondmaterial layers 132 may be selectively removed between the laterallyisolation dielectric layers 165 that are positioned laterally. Also, thesecond material layers 132 may be selectively removed between the slit166 and the isolation dielectric layers 165.

As described above, the lateral gate recesses 171 may be formed in aself-aligned manner between the first material layers 131 that arevertically stacked by the selective removal process of the secondmaterial layers 132.

A portion of the protective layer 134 may be exposed by the lateral gaterecesses 171. After stripping the second material layers 132, a portionof the protective layer 134 may be removed to expose the channel bodies157.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line C-C′ of FIG.17A, and FIG. 17C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line D-D′ ofFIG. 17A. FIG. 17D is a cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B′of FIG. 17A.

Referring to FIGS. 17A to 17D, the gate dielectric layers 172 may beformed. The gate dielectric layers 172 may be formed by selectivelyoxidizing the surfaces of the channel bodies 157 exposed through thelateral gate recesses 171.

Word lines 173 may be formed over the gate dielectric layers 172 to fillthe lateral gate recesses 171. The word lines 173 may be formed of ametal-based material. The word lines 173 may be formed by stackingtitanium nitride and tungsten. For example, after conformally formingtitanium nitride over the lateral gate recesses 171, the lateral gaterecesses 171 may be gap-filled with tungsten. Subsequently, titaniumnitride and tungsten may be etched back to form the word lines 173 thatare isolated vertically. This may be referred to as a word lineisolation process, and the edges of the word lines 173 may be positionedinside the lateral gate recesses 171. That is, the edges of the wordlines 173 may be formed with an undercut between the first materiallayers 131. According to another embodiment of the present invention,the word lines 173 may include polysilicon doped with an impurity.

As described above, a plurality of word lines 173 may be stackedvertically. The first material layers 131 may be positioned between theword lines 173 that are stacked vertically. A plurality of firstmaterial layers 131 and a plurality of word lines 173 may be alternatelystacked perpendicular to the lower structure 120. The word lines 173 andthe active layers 151 may be positioned at the same level.

FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line C-C′ of FIG.18A, and FIG. 18C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line D-D′ ofFIG. 18A. FIG. 18D is a cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B′of FIG. 18A.

Referring to FIGS. 18A to 18D, after forming the word lines 173, theslit 166 may be filled with a slit dielectric layer 174. For example,the slit dielectric layer 174 may include an oxide, e.g. silicon oxide.

FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.19A. Referring to FIGS. 19A and 19B, a top inter-layer dielectric layer180 may be formed over the slit dielectric layer 174 and the upperstructure 130. For example, the top inter-layer dielectric layer 180 mayinclude silicon oxide.

Subsequently, the sacrificial material 153 and the sacrificialprotective layer 152 filling the second cell opening 142 may be removedto form the bit line opening 181. For example, after etching the topinter-layer dielectric layer 180 of the portion corresponding to thesecond cell opening 142, the sacrificial material 153 and thesacrificial protective layer 152 filling the second cell opening 142 maybe etched.

The protective layer 123 may be exposed on the bottom of the bit lineopening 181. The bit line opening 181 may be oriented perpendicular tothe lower structure 120. The bit line opening 181 may have a shape thatvertically penetrates through the active layers 151.

FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.20A. Referring to FIGS. 20A and 20B, a first contact liner layer 182covering the bit line opening 181 may be formed. The first contact linerlayer 182 may contain an impurity. For example, the first contact linerlayer 182 may include N-type polysilicon.

FIG. 21B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.21A. Referring to FIGS. 21A and 21B, a heat treatment may be performedto diffuse an N-type impurity from the first contact liner layer 182. Asa result, a portion of the active layers 151 in contact with the firstcontact liner layer 182 may be doped with the N-type impurity. The firstcontact liner layer 182 and the portion of the active layers 151 dopedwith the N-type impurity may form a bit line contact node 183. From theperspective of a top view, the bit line contact nodes 183 may be shapedto penetrate through the upper structure 130 and may laterally extend tobe positioned between the first material layers 131 while covering thesidewall of the bit line opening 181. As such, a portion of the bit linecontact nodes 183 may be a portion of the active layer 151 doped withthe N-type impurity.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, after the heattreatment, the first contact liner layer 182 may be removed. As such,the bit line contact nodes 183 may not cover the sidewalls of the bitline opening 181 and may only be positioned between the first materiallayers 131. The bit line contact nodes 183 may be positioned at the samelevel as the active layers 151 and may be positioned at the same levelas the word lines 173 as well.

FIG. 22B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.22A. Referring to FIGS. 22A and 22B, bit lines 184 may be formed overthe bit line contact nodes 183 to fill the bit line openings 181. Thebit lines 184 may be formed by forming a bit line conductive material tofill the bit line openings 181 and then performing planarization. Thebit lines 184 may include a metal-based material. The bit lines 184 mayinclude a stack of a metal nitride and a metal. For example, the bitlines 184 may be formed by stacking titanium nitride and tungsten.According to another embodiment of the present invention, an ohmiccontact layer (not shown) may be further formed between the bit lines184 and the bit line contact nodes 183. For example, the ohmic contactlayer may include a metal silicide.

As described above, the bit lines 184 may be oriented perpendicular tothe lower structure 120. From the perspective of a top view, the bitlines 184 may have a shape penetrating through the bit line contactnodes 183. The bit line contact nodes 183 may have a shape surroundingthe bit lines 184.

FIG. 23B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.23A. Referring to FIGS. 23A and 23B, the sacrificial material 153 andthe sacrificial protective layer 152 filling the third cell opening 143may be removed to form the capacitor opening 190. For example, afteretching the top inter-layer dielectric layer 180 and the upperinter-layer dielectric layer 154 of a portion corresponding to the thirdcell opening 143, the sacrificial material 153 and the sacrificialprotective layer 152 filling the second cell opening 143 may be etched.Although not shown, an additional hard mask layer may be further formedover the top inter-layer dielectric layer 180, and the sacrificialmaterial 153 and the sacrificial protective layer 152 may be removed byusing the additional hard mask layer.

The protective layer 123 may be exposed on the bottom surface of thecapacitor opening 190. The capacitor opening 190 may be orientedperpendicular to the lower structure 120. The capacitor opening 190 maybe shaped to vertically penetrate through the active layers 151.

FIG. 24B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.24A. Referring to FIGS. 24A and 24B, a second contact liner layer 191may be formed to cover the capacitor opening 190. The second contactliner layer 191 may contain an impurity. For example, the second contactliner layer 191 may include N-type polysilicon.

FIG. 25B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.25A. Referring to FIGS. 25A and 25B, a heat treatment may be performedto diffuse the N-type impurity from the second contact liner layer 191.As a result, a portion of the active layers 151 in contact with thesecond contact liner layer 191 may be doped with the N-type impurity. Aportion of the active layers 151 doped with the N-type impurity may be astorage node 192 of a capacitor. From the perspective of a top view, thestorage nodes 192 may extend laterally to be positioned between thefirst material layers 131 while covering the sidewall of the capacitoropening 190. As such, the storage nodes 192 may be portions in which aportion of the active layers 151 is doped with an N-type impurity. Thestorage nodes 192 may be stacked vertically with the first materiallayers 131 interposed therebetween. The storage nodes 192 and the firstmaterial layers 131 may be alternately stacked.

FIG. 26B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ of FIG.26A. Referring to FIGS. 26A and 26B, after removing the second contactliner layer 191, a dielectric layer 193 and a plate node 194 may beformed over the storage nodes 192 to fill the capacitor opening 190.

The dielectric layer 193 may conformally cover the capacitor opening190, and the plate node 194 may fully fill the capacitor opening 190over the dielectric layer 193.

The dielectric layer 193 and the plate node 194 may be formed bydepositing a dielectric material and a plate node layer over thecapacitor opening 190 and then planarizing the dielectric material andthe plate node layer to remain in the capacitor opening 190.

The dielectric layer 193 may include a single-layered material, amulti-layer material, a laminated material, an intermixing material, ora combination thereof. The dielectric layer 193 may include a high-kmaterial. The dielectric layer 193 may have a higher dielectric constantthan silicon oxide (SiO₂). The silicon oxide may have a dielectricconstant of approximately 3.9, and the dielectric layer 196 may includea material having a dielectric constant of approximately 4 or more. Thehigh-k material may have a dielectric constant of approximately 20 ormore. The high-k material may include hafnium oxide (HfO₂), zirconiumoxide (ZrO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), or a combination thereof. Thedielectric layer 193 may be formed by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD).

The dielectric layer 193 may be formed of zirconium-based oxide. Thedielectric layer 193 may have a stack structure including zirconiumoxide (ZrO₂). The stack structure including zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) mayinclude ZA (ZrO₂/Al₂O₃) or ZAZ (ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/ZrO₂). ZA may have astructure in which aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) is stacked over zirconiumoxide (ZrO₂). ZAZ may have a structure in which zirconium oxide (ZrO₂),aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) are sequentiallystacked. ZrO₂, ZA and ZAZ may be referred to as a zirconium oxide-basedlayer. According to another embodiment of the present invention, thedielectric layer 193 may be formed of hafnium-based oxide. Thedielectric layer 193 may have a stack structure including hafnium oxide(HfO₂). The stack structure including hafnium oxide (HfO₂) may includeHA (HfO₂/Al₂O₃) or HAH (HfO₂/Al₂O₃/HfO₂). HA may have a structure inwhich aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) is stacked over hafnium oxide (HfO₂).

HAH may have a structure in which hafnium oxide (HfO₂), aluminum oxide(Al₂O₃), and hafnium oxide (HfO₂) are sequentially stacked. HfO₂, HA andHAH may be referred to as a hafnium oxide-based layer. In ZA, ZAZ, HA,and HAH, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) may have a larger band gap thanzirconium oxide (ZrO₂) and hafnium oxide (HfO₂). Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)may have a lower dielectric constant than zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) andhafnium oxide (HfO₂). Accordingly, the dielectric layer 193 may includea stack of a high-k material and a high band gap material whose band gapenergy is greater than that of the high-k material. The dielectric layer193 may include silicon oxide (SiO₂) as another high band gap materialin addition to aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The dielectric layer 193 mayinclude a high band gap material so that leakage current may besuppressed. The high band gap material may be extremely thin. The highband gap material may be thinner than the high-k materials.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the dielectriclayer 193 may include a laminated structure in which a high-k materialand a high band gap material are alternately stacked. For example, ZAZA(ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃), ZAZAZ (ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/ZrO₂), HAHA(HfO₂/Al₂O₃/HfO₂/Al₂O₃) or HAHAH (HfO₂/Al₂O₃/HfO₂/Al₂O₃/HfO₂). In thelaminated structure described above, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) may beextremely thin.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the dielectriclayer 193 may include a hafnium oxide having a tetragonal crystal phaseor a zirconium oxide having a tetragonal crystal phase.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the dielectriclayer 193 may have a stack structure including a hafnium oxide having atetragonal crystal phase and a zirconium oxide having a tetragonalcrystal phase.

The plate node 194 may include a metal-based material. The plate node194 may include a metal nitride. The plate node 194 may include a metal,a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a conductive metal nitride, aconductive metal oxide, or a combination thereof. The plate node 194 maybe formed of titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride(TaN), titanium carbon nitride (TiCN), tantalum carbon nitride (TaCN),tungsten (W), tungsten nitride (WN), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir),ruthenium oxide (RuO₂), iridium oxide (IrO₂), or a combination thereof.

As a result of the series of the processes described above, a capacitor195 may be formed, and the capacitor 195 may include a storage node 192,a dielectric layer 193, and a plate node 194. The dielectric layer 193and the plate node 194 may be oriented perpendicular to the lowerstructure 120, and each storage node 192 may surround the dielectriclayer 193 and the plate node 194. The storage nodes 192 may have alateral annular shape.

FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate a method for forming a stepped word linestructure. The stepped world line structure may be stepped on bothopposite ends of the word lines.

Referring to FIG. 27A, a stepped structure ST may be formed byselectively etching the first material layers 131 and the secondmaterial layers 132 of the upper structure 130. The process for formingthe stepped structure ST may be called a slimming process. The steppedstructure ST may be formed at the same time as the isolated opening 161shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C.

Referring to FIGS. 16A to 16D, the second material layers 132 may beselectively removed to form gate recesses 171 between the first materiallayers 131.

Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 27B, the gate recesses 171 may be filledwith the word lines 173.

As described above, when the stepped structure ST is formed in the upperstructure 130, at least one end of the word line 173 may be formed inthe stepped structure ST.

FIGS. 28 to 30 illustrate a method for fabricating a memory device inaccordance with another embodiment of the present invention. A method offorming the other constituent elements except the capacitor will bereferred to the method illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 22B.

First, referring to FIGS. 23A and 23B, a capacitor opening 190 may beformed.

Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 28, the sides of the active layers 151exposed by the capacitor opening 190 may be selectively removed to formstorage node recesses 191′. The storage node recesses 191′ may bepositioned between the first material layers 131.

Subsequently, a capacitor contact node 192C may be formed in the activelayers 151 remaining due to the storage node recesses 191′.

For example, referring to FIGS. 24A to 25B, a second contact liner layer191 may be formed to cover the capacitor opening 190. The second contactliner layer 191 may contain an impurity. The second contact liner layer191 may include N-type polysilicon. Subsequently, an N-type impurity maybe diffused from the second contact liner layer 191 by performing a heattreatment. As a result, some of the active layers 151 in contact withthe second contact liner layer 191 may be doped with the N-typeimpurity. A portion of the active layers 151 doped with the N-typeimpurity may be a capacitor contact node 192C. From the perspective of atop view, the capacitor contact nodes 192C may extend laterally to bepositioned between the first material layers 131 while covering thesidewall of the capacitor opening 190. As such, the capacitor contactnodes 192C may be portions in which portions of the active layers 151are doped with the N-type impurity. The capacitor contact nodes 192C maypartially fill the storage nodes 191′, respectively. According toanother embodiment of the present invention, a metal silicide may befurther formed over the capacitor contact nodes 192C. To form the metalsilicide, a deposition process of titanium/titanium nitride and anannealing process may be performed, and unreacted titanium/titaniumnitride may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 29, storage nodes 192′ may be formed in the storagenode recesses 191′. After a conductive material is deposited to fill thestorage node recesses 191′, the conductive material may be selectivelyetched. For example, the storage nodes 192′ may be formed to be isolatedfrom each other while filling the storage node recesses 191′ by etchingback the conductive material. The storage nodes 192′ may include ametal, a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a conductive metal nitride, aconductive metal oxide, or a combination thereof. The storage nodes 192′may include titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride(TaN), tungsten (W), tungsten nitride (WN), ruthenium (Ru), iridium(Ir), and ruthenium oxide (RuO₂), iridium oxide (IrO₂), or a combinationthereof. The storage nodes 192′ may have a lateral annular shape.

Referring to FIG. 30, a dielectric layer 193 and a plate node 194 may beformed over the storage nodes 192′ to fill the capacitor opening 190.The dielectric layer 193 and the plate node 194 will be described withreference to FIGS. 26A and 26B. The dielectric layer 193 may conformallycover the capacitor opening 190, and the plate node 194 may fully fillthe capacitor opening 190 over the dielectric layer 193. The dielectriclayer 193 and the plate node 194 may be formed by stacking a dielectricmaterial and a plate node layer over the capacitor opening 190 and thenperforming a planarization on the dielectric material and the plate nodelayer so that the dielectric material and the plate node layer mayremain in the capacitor opening 190. The storage nodes 192′ may surroundthe dielectric layer 193 and the plate node 194. The capacitor contactnodes 192C may surround the storage nodes 192′.

FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a memory device inaccordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The memorydevice 200 of FIG. 31 may be similar to the memory device 100M of FIG.1A.

Referring to FIG. 31, the memory device 200 may include a substrate SS,an active layer ACT that is spaced apart from the substrate SS andlaterally oriented in the first direction D1, a word line WL that islaterally oriented in parallel to the active layer ACT along one side ofthe active layer ACT, an active body ACB that is vertically oriented inthe second direction D2 by penetrating through the active layer ACT, abit line BL that is vertically oriented in the second direction D2 bypenetrating through the active layer ACT to be spaced apart from oneside of the active body ACB, and a capacitor CAP that is verticallyoriented in the second direction D2 by penetrating through the activelayer ACT to be spaced apart from the other side of the active body ACB.

In the memory device 200 of FIG. 31, the memory cell array MCA may bepositioned below the substrate SS. The substrate SS may include asubstrate structure including a peripheral circuit, and the peripheralcircuit may include at least one control circuit for controlling thememory cell array MCA. The bit line BL, the active body ACB, and thecapacitor CAP may extend downwardly vertically from the substrate SS.The active layer ACT and the word line WL may be positioned at the samelevel and may be parallel to the plane of the substrate SS.

FIG. 32 illustrates a memory device in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present invention. The memory device 300 of FIG. 32may be similar to the memory device 100M of FIG. 1A.

Referring to FIG. 32, neighboring memory cells MCU and MCL may besymmetrical with each other in the third direction D3 with the wordlines WL therebetween.

FIG. 33 illustrates a memory device in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present invention. The memory device 400 of FIG. 33may be similar to the memory device 100M of FIG. 1A.

Referring to FIG. 33, neighboring memory cells MC1, MC2 and MC3 mayshare one word line WL. The word line WL may extend along the firstdirection D1.

According to the embodiments of the present invention, it is possible toincrease cell density and decrease parasitic capacitance by verticallystacking memory cells in a three-dimensional structure.

According to the embodiments of the present invention, it is alsopossible to realize a highly integrated memory device in a limited areaby stacking memory cells vertically with respect to a peripheral circuitportion.

While the present invention has been described with respect to thespecific embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the artthat various changes and modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A memory device, comprising: a substrate; anactive layer that is spaced apart from the substrate and laterallyoriented; a word line that is laterally oriented in parallel to theactive layer along one side of the active layer; an active body that isvertically oriented by penetrating through the active layer; a bit linethat is vertically oriented by penetrating through the active layer tobe spaced apart from one side of the active body; and a capacitor thatis vertically oriented by penetrating through the active layer to bespaced apart from another side of the active body.
 2. The memory deviceof claim 1, wherein the active layer and the word line are positioned ata same level from the substrate.
 3. The memory device of claim 1,wherein the active layer includes: a first source/drain region coupledto the bit line; a second source/drain region coupled to the capacitor;and a channel body coupled to the active body and laterally orientedbetween the first source/drain region and the second source/drainregion.
 4. The memory device of claim 3, wherein the channel body has ashape surrounding the active body.
 5. The memory device of claim 1,wherein the capacitor includes: a storage node laterally oriented inparallel to the substrate; a dielectric layer over the storage node; anda plate node over the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer andthe plate node are vertically oriented by penetrating through thestorage node.
 6. The memory device of claim 5, wherein the storage nodeand the active layer are positioned at the same level.
 7. The memorydevice of claim 1, further comprising: a bit line contact node formed inthe active layer and surrounding the bit line.
 8. The memory device ofclaim 1, wherein at least one end of the word line has a steppedportion.
 9. A memory device, comprising: memory cells arrangedvertically, wherein each of the memory cells includes: an active layerincluding a first source/drain region, a second source/drain region, anda channel body laterally oriented between the first source/drain regionand the second source/drain region; a word line laterally oriented inparallel to one side of the active layer; an active body penetratingthrough the channel body; a bit line vertically oriented by penetratingthrough the active layer to be coupled to the first source/drain region;and a capacitor vertically oriented by penetrating through the activelayer to be coupled to the second source/drain region.
 10. The memorydevice of claim 9, wherein the word line is parallel to the firstsource/drain area, the second source/drain area, and the channel body.11. The memory device of claim 9, further comprising: a gate dielectriclayer formed between one side of the channel body and the word line. 12.The memory device of claim 9, further comprising: an isolationdielectric layer between the first and second source/drain regions andthe word line, wherein the isolation dielectric layer is verticallyoriented in a stacking direction of the memory cells.
 13. The memorydevice of claim 9, further comprising: a bit line contact node that isformed in the active layer and coupled to the first source/drain regionand the bit line, wherein the bit line contact node surrounds the bitline.
 14. The memory device of claim 9, wherein at least one end of theword line has a stepped portion.
 15. The memory device of claim 9,wherein the capacitor includes: a storage node formed in the activelayer and coupled to the second source/drain region; a dielectric layerover the storage node; and a plate node over the dielectric layer. 16.The memory device of claim 15, wherein the storage node and the activelayer are positioned at the same level.
 17. The memory device of claim15, wherein the dielectric layer and the plate node are verticallyoriented to penetrate through the active layer.
 18. The memory device ofclaim 9, further comprising: dielectric materials positioned between thememory cells.
 19. The memory device of claim 9, further comprising: aperipheral circuit positioned below the memory cells.
 20. The memorydevice of claim 9, further comprising: a peripheral circuit positionedabove the memory cells.